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Shops and Commerce in Athens
Athens has several fine shops, particularly in the newer parts of the city. These shops are modern and well-stocked, and they can easily compare...
Milk Delivery in Athens
In Athens, both goats and cows are driven into town every morning and milked at the doors of their customers. This is not a...
Farming Near Athens
It is surprising that, despite large areas of unused land, the fields around Athens do not produce enough vegetables to meet local demand. The...
The Confusion Over the Gate’s Name
Historians do not agree about the true name of a certain entrance in the walls of Constantinople. Some believe that this gate is the...
The Golden Gate and the Changing Fortunes of the Byzantine Empire
The Golden Gate of Constantinople played an important role in the city's military and political history. This gate was not only a symbol of...
Ceremonial Uses of the Golden Gate
The Golden Gate (Porta Aurea) of Constantinople was not just a part of the city’s strong fortifications—it also served as the main ceremonial entrance...
European Influence in the Ottoman Imperial Harem
Introduction to Cultural Change
By the late 19th century, the Ottoman Imperial Harem had undergone dramatic changes from its traditional roots. What was once a...
Life of the Sultanas
Women in the Ottoman Imperial Harem
What Were Sultanas?
The women who lived in the Ottoman Imperial Harem were called sultanas. This title applied to all...
The Ottoman Imperial Harem
A Historical Institution
Introduction to the Imperial Harem System
The Ottoman Imperial Harem was a complex institution that served as both the private quarters of the...
Gemstone Deposits in Turkey
Turkey is home to a rich variety of gemstones, many of which are found in the western and central regions. These deposits are the...














